Schizophrenia: a so characteristic behaviour is not mainly shared by culture but by a group of genes that determine synaptic plasticity

2. Etiology of schizophrenia

Genetics and epidemiological investigations have confirmed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to schizophrenia etiology. Twin studies of schizophrenia suggest that genetic factors account for about 85 % of schizophrenia (Tsuang, 2000). However, schizophrenia is not caused by a single risk gene (Trubetskoy et al., 2022), and it does not show a simple pattern of inheritance. Each genetic variances result in only a small increase in risk. Until the threshold level is reached and clinical symptoms appear. Moreover, environmental influences during prenatal and postnatal brain development or across adulthood, such as uterine infection or pregnancy complications, psychosocial causes, amphetamine abuse, autoimmune disease and other brain trauma, also affect the risk of schizophrenia.

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